10TH CLASS CHAPTER 5

 10TH CLASS CHAPTER 5

 

 

I.                  A Baker from	PPT	MIND MAP
II.               Coorg	PPT	MIND MAP
III.            Tea from Assam	PPT	MIND MAP

 

 

A Baker from Goa - LUCIO R

OUR elders are often heard reminiscing nostalgically about those good old Portuguese days, the Portuguese and their famous loaves of bread. Those eaters of loaves might have vanished but the makers are still there. We still have amongst us the mixers,

the moulders and those who bake the loaves. Those age-old, time-tested furnaces still exist. The fire in the furnaces has not yet been extinguished. The thud and jingle of the traditional baker’s bamboo, heralding his arrival in the morning, can still be heard in some places. Maybe the father is not alive but the son still carries on the family profession. These bakers are, even today, known as pader in Goa.

Word	Telugu Meaning
Reminiscing	జ్ఞాపకాలు గుర్తుచేసుకోవడం
Nostalgically	నొస్పత్తిగా
Loaves	బ్రెడ్ రొట్టెలు
Mixers	కలుపుకునే వారు
Moulders	ఆకారము ఇచ్చే వారు
Furnace	పొయ్యి
Extinguished	అగినిప్రమిదాచేస్తుంది
Heralding	ప్రకటించడం
Profession	వృత్తి

 

Elders fondly remember Portuguese times for their delicious bread, and even today, traditional bakers (paders) continue the age-old profession, keeping the furnaces alive.

పూర్వపు పోర్చుగీస్ రోజులను పెద్దలు ప్రేమతో గుర్తు చేసుకుంటారు. ఇప్పటికీ పాడెర్లు పురాతన వృత్తిని కొనసాగిస్తూ, పొయ్యిలను నడుపుతున్నారు.

 

During our childhood in Goa, the baker used to be our friend, companion and guide. He used to come at least twice a day. Once, when he set out in the morning on his selling round, and then again, when he returned after emptying his huge basket. The jingling thud of his bamboo woke us up from sleep and we ran to meet and greet him. Why was it so? Was it for the love of the loaf? Not at all. The loaves were bought by some Paskine or Bastine, the maid-servant of the house! What we longed for were those bread-bangles which we chose carefully. Sometimes it was sweet bread of special make.

Word	Telugu Meaning
Companion	స్నేహితుడు
Selling round	అమ్మే చుటూ
Basket	పేల
Maid-servant	పనివారు
Bread-bangles	గడియారాకారంలోని బ్రెడ్
Sweet bread	మధుర బ్రెడ్

The baker was a beloved figure in childhood—he visited homes twice daily. Children eagerly waited not for the regular loaves, but for special bread-bangles and sweet breads.

బేకర్ పిల్లలకి మిత్రుడు, దినచర్యలో ఇంటికి రెండు సార్లు వచ్చేవాడు. పిల్లలు సాధారణ బ్రెడ్ కంటే ప్రత్యేకంగా బ్రెడ్-బంగిల్స్, తీపి బ్రెడ్ కోసం ఆసక్తిగా ఎదురుచూసేవారు.

 

The baker made his musical entry on the scene with the ‘jhang, jhang’ sound of his specially made bamboo staff. One hand supported the basket on his head and the other banged the bamboo on the ground. He would greet the lady of the house with “Good morning” and then place his basket on the vertical bamboo. We kids would be pushed aside with a mild rebuke and the loaves would be delivered to the servant. But we would not give up. We would climb a bench or the parapet and peep into the basket, somehow. I can still recall the typical fragrance of those loaves. Loaves for the elders and the bangles for the children. Then we did not even care to brush our teeth or wash our mouths properly. And why should we? Who would take the trouble of plucking the mango-leaf for the toothbrush? And why was it necessary at all? The tiger never brushed his teeth. Hot tea could wash and clean up everything so nicely, after all!

Word	Telugu Meaning
Musical entry	సంగీత ప్రవేశం
Staff	చేయి దండు
Basket	పేల
Rebuke	మందలించడం
Parapet	పాట
Fragrance	పరిమళం
Brush teeth	పల్లెలు తుడవడం

With his musical bamboo staff, the baker made a lively entrance. Despite mild scoldings, kids would sneak peeks into his basket to enjoy the enticing scent and claim their share.

బేకర్ సంగీత బాంబూతో రంగప్రవేశం చేస్తాడు. చిన్నపిల్లలకి ప్రేమతో మందలిస్తూ, వాళ్లు అతని పేలలోకి తొంగి చూసేవారు; బ్రెడ్ వాసనతో ఆనందించేవారు.

Oral Comprehension Check

1. What are the elders in Goa nostalgic about?
   Elders in Goa are nostalgic about the good old Portuguese days and the famous loaves of bread from that time.
2. Is bread-making still popular in Goa? How do you know?
   Yes, bread-making is still popular in Goa; traditional bakers and their old furnaces are still present, and the profession continues through families.
3. What is the baker called?
   The baker is called a "pader" in Goa.
4. When would the baker come every day? Why did the children run to meet him?
   The baker would come at least twice every day—once in the morning and again after selling his bread. Children ran to meet him because they wanted the bread-bangles and sweet breads he brought.

 

Marriage gifts are meaningless without the sweet bread known as the bol, just as a party or a feast loses its charm without bread. Not enough can be said to show how important a baker can be for a village. The lady of the house must prepare sandwiches on the occasion of her daughter’s engagement. Cakes and bolinhas are a must for Christmas as well as other festivals. Thus, the presence of the baker’s furnace in the village is absolutely essential.

Word	Telugu Meaning
Marriage gifts	వివాహ కానుకలు
Bol	బోల్ (తీపి బ్రెడ్)
Feast	విందు
Essential	ఆవశ్యక
Sandwiches	శాండ్‌విచ్
Bolinhas	బోలినాస్ (చిన్న తీపి బ్రెడ్)

Special breads like bol are essential for marriage gifts and festivals. The baker’s presence and his furnace are central to all village celebrations.

వివాహ కానుకలకు బోల్ (తీపి బ్రెడ్) తప్పనిసరి. బేకర్‌ పై కళువ నేర్పడం గ్రామోత్సవాలకు చాలా ముఖ్యమైనది.

 

The baker or bread-seller of those days had a peculiar dress known as the kabai. It was a single-piece long frock reaching down to the knees. In our childhood we saw bakers wearing a shirt and trousers which were shorter than full-length ones and longer than half pants. Even today, anyone who wears a half pant which reaches just below the knees invites the comment that he is dressed like a pader!

Word	Telugu Meaning
Peculiar dress	విచిత్రమైన దుస్తులు
Kabai	పొడవైన గౌన్
Frock	గౌన్
Trousers	పంట్లు
Half pant	చిన్న పంట్లు
Pader	పాడెర్ (బేకర్ గోవాలో)

The baker’s unique attire—a kabai or knee-length pants—became so distinct that anyone wearing similar clothes was likened to a pader.

బేకర్ ప్రత్యేకమైన దుస్తులు—కబాయ్ లేదా మోకాళ్ళ వరకూ పాంట్లు—ఇన్నం వంటివే వేసుకున్న వాళ్లు పాడెర్ లాగా కనబడతారు.

 

The baker usually collected his bills at the end of the month. Monthly accounts used to be recorded on some wall in pencil. Baking was indeed a profitable profession in the old days. The baker and his family never starved. He, his family and his servants always looked happy and prosperous. Their plump physique was an open testimony to this. Even today any person with a jackfruit-like physical appearance is easily compared to a baker.

Word	Telugu Meaning
Bills	బిల్లులు
Monthly accounts	నెలవారీ ఖాతాలు
Pencil	పెన్సిల్
Profitable	లాభదాయక
Starved	ఆకలి
Prosperous	సుసంపన్న
Jackfruit-like	పండు ఆకారము
Testimony	సాక్ష్య

Bakers collected payments monthly and marked accounts on the wall. Their profession was profitable; they and their families were always well-fed and prosperous.

బేకర్లు మాసం చివరి ముద్దలు వసూలు చేస్తారు. ఇది లాభదాయక వృత్తి; వారి కుటుంబం సంతృప్తిగా జీవించెది.

Oral Comprehension Check

1. Match the following:

Here are the matched answers:

1. Match the following. What is a must:

Occasion	Must-have item
(i) as marriage gifts	cakes and bolinhas
(ii) for a party or a feast	sweet bread called bol
(iii) for a daughter’s engagement	bread
(iv) for Christmas	sandwiches

2. What did the bakers wear?
   (i) In the Portuguese days: A peculiar dress known as the kabai, a single-piece long frock reaching the knees.
   (ii) When the author was young: Shirt and trousers shorter than full-length but longer than half pants.
3. Who invites the comment — “he is dressed like a pader”? Why?
   Anyone wearing half pants that reach just below the knees invites this comment because that was typical attire of a pader (baker).
4. Where were the monthly accounts of the baker recorded?
   The monthly accounts were recorded on some wall in pencil.
5. What does a ‘jackfruit-like appearance’ mean?
   It refers to a plump physique, indicating prosperity and good living, commonly associated with bakers and their families.Here are the answers to your questions:
6. Match the following:
   (i) Marriage gifts – sweet bread called bol
   (ii) Party or feast – bread
   (iii) Daughter’s engagement – sandwiches
   (iv) Christmas – cakes and bolinhas
7. What did the bakers wear?
   (i) In Portuguese days – kabai, a single-piece long frock reaching the knees
   (ii) When the author was young – shirt and trousers shorter than full-length but longer than half pants
8. Who invites the comment “he is dressed like a pader”? Why?
   Anyone wearing half pants that reach just below the knees invites this comment because it resembles the traditional baker’s dress.
9. Where were the monthly accounts recorded?
   On some wall in pencil.
10. What does ‘jackfruit-like appearance’ mean?
    It means a plump physique, symbolizing prosperity typical of bakers and their families

THINKING ABOUT THE TEXT

1. Which of these statements are correct?
   (i) The pader was an important person in the village in old times. – Correct
   (ii) Paders still exist in Goan villages. – Correct
   (iii) The paders went away with the Portuguese. – Incorrect
   (iv) The paders continue to wear a single-piece long frock. – Partially correct (Traditional dress was a kabai, but dress styles have evolved)
   (v) Bread and cakes were an integral part of Goan life in the old days. – Correct
   (vi) Traditional bread-baking is still a very profitable business. – Correct
   (vii) Paders and their families starve in the present times. – Incorrect
2. Is bread an important part of Goan life? How do you know this?
   Yes, bread is an important part of Goan life. It is essential in social and religious ceremonies such as marriages, engagements, Christmas, and other festivals. The tradition of baking and eating various breads like bol, bolinhas, cakes, and sandwiches remains strong in Goan villages. Bakers (paders) are respected members of the community and their bread is cherished daily.
3. Tick the right answer. What is the tone of the author when he says the following?
   (i) The thud and the jingle of the traditional baker’s bamboo can still be heard in some places. – Nostalgic
   (ii) Maybe the father is not alive but the son still carries on the family profession. – Hopeful
   (iii) I still recall the typical fragrance of those loaves. – Nostalgic
   (iv) The tiger never brushed his teeth. Hot tea could wash and clean up everything so nicely, after all. – Funny
   (v) Cakes and bolinhas are a must for Christmas as well as other festivals. – Matter-of-fact
   (vi) The baker and his family never starved. They always looked happy and prosperous. – Matter-of-fact

 

Clues	Author's childhood days
the way bread was baked	Bread was baked in age-old, time-tested furnaces.
the way the pader sold bread	The pader carried a basket on his head and sold bread door-to-door, announcing his arrival with the jingle and thud of his bamboo staff.
what the pader wore	The pader wore a single-piece long frock called kabai, or shirt and trousers that were longer than half pants but shorter than full-length ones.
when the pader was paid	The pader was paid at the end of the month, and monthly accounts were recorded on the wall in pencil.
how the pader looked	The pader looked happy and prosperous, with a plump physique.

Paragraph about the author's childhood days:
During his childhood in Goa, the author fondly remembers the traditional way in which bread was baked in old furnaces. The pader would go door-to-door carrying a basket on his head, announcing his arrival with a musical bamboo staff. He was identified by his peculiar dress—a kabai or knee-length trousers. The pader was paid at the end of every month, with accounts recorded on the wall. He and his family always appeared cheerful and healthy, with a plump physique that was a sign of prosperity.

Ii Comparison of the Two Texts

The first text (left side) is highly nostalgic, recalling the Portuguese days and emphasizing that while bread eaters may have vanished, the tradition and makers (paders) still exist. It creates a vivid picture of the baker’s arrival in the morning, the sounds of his bamboo staff, and continuity of his profession through generations.

The second text (right side) is more factual and focuses on the survival and adaptation of paders after Goa’s liberation. It explains that the tradition of Goan bread continued because paders perfected door-to-door delivery and inherited baking knowledge, describing the bread as a lasting gift from the Portuguese.

What makes the two texts different?

The first is more nostalgic and evocative, painting a lively picture of daily life and the baker's presence.

The second is factual and analytical, detailing how the tradition persisted and why Goan bread remains significant.

Are the facts the same?

Yes, both mention the Portuguese origin of the bread, the continuity of bakers and their profession, and the importance of bread in Goan life.

Do both writers give a picture of the baker?

Both writers provide a picture of the baker, but the first gives a more personal, sensory depiction, while the second provides a broader historical context.

 

II Coorg

Coorg is coffee country, famous for its rainforests and spices. MIDWAY between Mysore and the coastal town of Mangalore sits a piece of heaven that must have drifted from the kingdom of god. This land of rolling hills is inhabited by a proud race of martial men, beautiful women and wild creatures.

Coorg, or Kodagu, the smallest district of Karnataka, is home to evergreen rainforests, spices and coffee plantations. Evergreen rainforests cover thirty per cent of this district. During the monsoons, it pours enough to keep many visitors away. The season of joy commences from September and continues till March. The weather is perfect, with some showers thrown in for good measure. The air breathes of invigorating coffee. Coffee estates and colonial bungalows stand tucked under tree canopies in prime corners.

The fiercely independent people of Coorg are possibly of Greek or Arabic descent. As one story goes, a part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled here when return became impractical. These people married amongst the locals and their culture is apparent in the martial traditions, marriage and religious rites, which are distinct from the Hindu mainstream. The theory of Arab origin draws support from the long, black coat with an embroidered waist-belt worn by the Kodavus. Known as kuppia, it resembles the kuffia worn by the Arabs and the Kurds.

Coorgi homes have a tradition of hospitality, and they are more than willing to recount numerous tales of valour related to their sons and fathers. The Coorg Regiment is one of the most decorated in the Indian Army, and the first Chief of the Indian Army, General Cariappa, was a Coorgi. Even now, Kodavus are the only people in India permitted to carry firearms without a licence.

The river, Kaveri, obtains its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. Mahaseer — a large freshwater fish — abound in these waters. Kingfishers dive for their catch, while squirrels and langurs drop partially eaten fruit for the mischief of enjoying the splash and the ripple effect in the clear water. Elephants enjoy being bathed and scrubbed in the river by their mahouts.

The most laidback individuals become converts to the life of high-energy adventure with river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing and mountain biking. Numerous walking trails in this region are a favourite with trekkers.

Birds, bees and butterflies are there to give you company. Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs and slender loris keep a watchful eye from the tree canopy. I do, however, prefer to step aside for wild elephants.

The climb to the Brahmagiri hills brings you into a panoramic view of the entire misty landscape of Coorg. A walk across the rope bridge leads to the sixty-four-acre island of Nisargadhama. Running into Buddhist monks from India’s largest Tibetan settlement, at nearby Bylakuppe, is a bonus. The monks, in red, ochre and yellow robes, are amongst the many surprises that wait to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of India, right here in Coorg.

(Coorg)
Coorg is coffee country, famous for its rainforests and spices. MIDWAY between Mysore and the coastal town of Mangalore sits a piece of heaven that must have drifted from the kingdom of god. This land of rolling hills is inhabited by a proud race of martial men, beautiful women and wild creatures.

Coorg is a famous region for coffee, spices, and rainforests located between Mysore and Mangalore. It is known for its rolling hills and diverse wildlife, inhabited by proud martial people and beautiful women.

మైసూరు మరియు మంగళూరు మధ్యనున్న కాఫీ, మసాలాలు, ముంపురుగు అడవులకు ప్రసిద్ధి చెందిన ప్రాంతం కోర్గ్. ఇది తలగడబడిన కొండలు, పౌరాణిక సైనికులు మరియు అందమైన మహిళల నివాసస్థలం.

Coorg, or Kodagu, the smallest district of Karnataka, is home to evergreen rainforests, spices and coffee plantations. Evergreen rainforests cover thirty per cent of this district. During the monsoons, it pours enough to keep many visitors away. The season of joy commences from September and continues till March. The weather is perfect, with some showers thrown in for good measure. The air breathes of invigorating coffee. Coffee estates and colonial bungalows stand tucked under tree canopies in prime corners.

Kodagu is the smallest district in Karnataka, covered 30% by evergreen forests. The monsoon season brings heavy rain, after which from September to March, the weather is perfect for visitors. The air is filled with the aroma of coffee plantations and dotted with colonial bungalows.
కర్ణాటకలో చిన్న జిల్లా అయిన కొడగులో 30% ఎప్పటికీ ఆకులతో కూడిన అడవులు ఉన్నాయి. మోన్సూన్ కాలంలో భారీ వర్షాలు పడుతాయి. సెప్టెంబర్ నుండి మార్చి వరకు వాతావరణం పర్యాటకులకోసం సరైనది. కాఫీ వనాలు, కాలనీల మధ్య భవనాలు ఉన్నాయి.

The fiercely independent people of Coorg are possibly of Greek or Arabic descent. As one story goes, a part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled here when return became impractical. These people married amongst the locals and their culture is apparent in the martial traditions, marriage and religious rites, which are distinct from the Hindu mainstream. The theory of Arab origin draws support from the long, black coat with an embroidered waist-belt worn by the Kodavus. Known as kuppia, it resembles the kuffia worn by the Arabs and the Kurds.

The people of Coorg have independent origins, possibly Greek or Arabic, reflected in their culture and unique traditional dresses like the kuppia.

కోర్గ్ వారు స్వతంత్ర జాతి, గ్రీకు లేదా అరబ్ వంశావళి కలవాడనిపిస్తుంది. వారి సంస్కృతి, ప్రత్యేక దుస్తులు kuppia వలె అద్భుతంగా ఉండాయి.

Coorgi homes have a tradition of hospitality, and they are more than willing to recount numerous tales of valour related to their sons and fathers. The Coorg Regiment is one of the most decorated in the Indian Army, and the first Chief of the Indian Army, General Cariappa, was a Coorgi. Even now, Kodavus are the only people in India permitted to carry firearms without a licence.

Coorgi hospitality is noted, with stories of valour from their military history. The Coorg Regiment is highly decorated, and the region produced the first Indian Army Chief, General Cariappa. Kodavas have the rare right to carry firearms without a licence.

కోర్గ్ వారి ఆతిథ్య సంస్కృతి ఉత్తమం. వీరు సైన్యంలో ధైర్యగాథలను కలిగించారూ, భారత సేనలో మొదటి చీఫ్ జనరల్ కరియప్ప కూడా కోర్గ్ కి చెందినవాడు. కొడవులు లైసెన్స్ లేకుండా ఆయుధాలు తీసుకెళ్లవచ్చు.

The river, Kaveri, obtains its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. Mahaseer — a large freshwater fish — abound in these waters. Kingfishers dive for their catch, while squirrels and langurs drop partially eaten fruit for the mischief of enjoying the splash and the ripple effect in the clear water. Elephants enjoy being bathed and scrubbed in the river by their mahouts.

The Kaveri river originates in Coorg hills, supporting a rich ecosystem with mahaseer fish, kingfishers, squirrels, langurs, and elephants bathed by their caretakers.
కావేరి నది కోర్గ్ కొండల నుండి ప్రవహిస్తుంది. ఇక్కడ మహాసీర్ చేపలు, కింగ్ఫిషర్లు, గిళ్ళగైల్లు, లంగూర్లు, ఏనుగులు సహజ వాతావరణంలో కనిపిస్తాయి.

The most laidback individuals become converts to the life of high-energy adventure with river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing and mountain biking. Numerous walking trails in this region are a favourite with trekkers.

Adventure sports like river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing, and mountain biking attract many visitors. Numerous trails are popular with trekkers.

నది రాఫ్టింగ్, కెనోయింగ్, చిత్తడింపు, పర్వతారోహణ, మౌంటైన్ బైకింగ్ వంటివి పర్యాటకులను ఆకర్షిస్తాయి. పాదయాత్ర కోసం అనేక మార్గాలు ఉన్నాయి.

Birds, bees and butterflies are there to give you company. Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs and slender loris keep a watchful eye from the tree canopy. I do, however, prefer to step aside for wild elephants.

Coorg’s forests are home to birds, bees, butterflies, macaques, squirrels, langurs, and lorises. Wild elephants roam freely.

కోర్గ్ అడవులు పక్షులు, తేనెలు, సీతాకోక చిలుకలు, కాకర్లు, గిళ్ళగైల్లు, లంగూర్లు, లోరిస్లకు నివాసం. అడవి ఏనుగులు స్వేచ్ఛగా తిరుగుతాయి.

The climb to the Brahmagiri hills brings you into a panoramic view of the entire misty landscape of Coorg. A walk across the rope bridge leads to the sixty-four-acre island of Nisargadhama. Running into Buddhist monks from India’s largest Tibetan settlement, at nearby Bylakuppe, is a bonus. The monks, in red, ochre and yellow robes, are amongst the many surprises that wait to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of India, right here in Coorg.

The Brahmagiri hills offer panoramic views. A rope bridge leads to Nisargadhama island. Nearby Bylakuppe hosts the largest Tibetan settlement in India with Buddhist monks in colorful robes, enhancing visitors' spiritual experience.

బ్రహ్మగిరి కొండల నుండి విశాలమైన దృశ్యాలు కనిపిస్తాయి. ఒక దారపాలంకు నిసర్గధామ ద్వీపానికి దారితీస్తుంది. సమీపంలోని బైలకుప్పే టిబెటన్ మఠాలు కలిగిన భారతదేశంలో అతిపెద్ద టిబెటన్ వసతి ప్రాంతం.

 

Vocabulary with Telugu Meanings:

English Word/Phrase	Telugu Meaning
Coffee country	కాఫీ దేశం
Rainforests	ముంపురుగు అడవులు
Coastal	తీర ప్రాంతం
Rolling hills	తలగడబడిన కొండలు
Evergreen rainforests	ఎప్పటికీ ఆకులతో ఉండే అడవులు
Monsoons	మూసోన్ వానలు
Invigorating	ఉత్సాహపూరితమైన
Martial men	సైనికులు
Tradition	పారంపర్యం
Embroidered waist-belt	కట్టేసిన కడుపు బెల్ట్
Hospitality	ఆతిథ్యం
Valour	ధైర్యం
Decorated	గౌరవించిన
Freshwater fish	మిఠాయి నీటి చేపలు
Mischief	వెర్రడ
Mahouts	ఎదురు చూస్తున్న ఏనologues
Rappelling	పర్వతాలపై దిగడం
Panoramic view	విస్తృత దృశ్యం
Rope bridge	దారంతో కూడిన పలకట
Tibetan monks	టిబెటన్ సన్యాసులు

 

 

 

Thinging about the language

1. Where is Coorg?
   Coorg is a hilly district in southwestern Karnataka, India, located between Mysore and Mangalore in the Western Ghats.
2. What is the story about the Kodavu people’s descent?
   One story suggests part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled in Coorg, marrying locals; others link their origin to Arabs based on traditional dress.
3. What are some things you now know about:

(i) the people of Coorg?
The Kodavas are fiercely independent, known for martial traditions, hospitality, and distinct culture.

(ii) the main crop of Coorg?
Coffee is the main crop, grown extensively in plantations.

(iii) sports it offers to tourists?
Adventure sports like river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing, and mountain biking.

(iv) animals you are likely to see in Coorg?
Elephants, macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs, kingfishers, and mahseer fish.

(v) its distance from Bangalore, and how to get there?
(Coorg is about 250-270 km from Bangalore; reachable by road via Mysore and by train/bus.)

4. Find phrases from the text with the same meaning:

(i) During monsoons it rains so heavily that tourists do not visit Coorg.
"During the monsoons, it pours enough to keep many visitors away."

(ii) Some people say Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled there.
"As one story goes, a part of Alexander’s army moved south along the coast and settled here."

(iii) The Coorg people are always ready to tell stories of their sons’ and fathers’ valour.
"Coorgi homes have a tradition of hospitality, and they are more than willing to recount numerous tales of valour related to their sons and fathers."

(iv) Even people who normally lead an easy and slow life get smitten by the high-energy adventure sports of Coorg.
"The most laidback individuals become converts to the life of high-energy adventure..."

(v) The theory of the Arab origin is supported by the long coat with embroidered waist-belt they wear.
"The theory of Arab origin draws support from the long, black coat with an embroidered waist-belt worn by the Kodavus."

(vi) Macaques, Malabar squirrels observe you carefully from the tree canopy.
"Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs and slender loris keep a watchful eye from the tree canopy."

 

ThinLing aboul Language

Here are the collocations for the nouns from the text:

(i) culture: unique culture, ancient culture
(ii) monks: ancient monks, serious monks
(iii) surprise: sudden surprise, unforgettable surprise, terrible surprise
(iv) experience: unforgettable experience, unique experience, terrible experience
(v) weather: terrible weather, wide weather, serious weather
(vi) tradition: ancient tradition, unique tradition

 

2.       Complete the following phrases from the text. For each phrase, can you

find at least one other word that would fit into the blank?

Here are the completed phrases:

(i) tales of valour (other example: tales of adventure)
(ii) coastal town (other example: coastal region)
(iii) a piece of heaven (other example: a piece of land)
(iv) evergreen rainforests (other example: evergreen trees)
(v) coffee plantations (other example: tea plantations)
(vi) rope bridge (other example: wooden bridge)
(vii) wild creatures (other example: wild animals)

 

 

III Tea from Assam

Pranjol, a youngster from Assam, is Rajvir’s classmate at school in Delhi. Pranjol’s father is the manager of a tea-garden in Upper Assam and Pranjol has invited Rajvir to visit his home during the summer vacation.

“CHAI-GARAM... garam-chai,” a vendor called out in a high-pitched voice.

He came up to their window and asked,”Chai, sa’ab?”

“Give us two cups,” Pranjol said.

They sipped the steaming hot liquid. Almost everyone in their compartment was drinking tea too.

“Do you know that over eighty crore cups of tea are drunk every day throughout the world?” Rajvir said.

“Whew!” exclaimed Pranjol. “Tea really is very popular.”

The train pulled out of the station. Pranjol buried his nose in his detective book again. Rajvir too was an ardent fan of detective stories, but at the moment he was keener on looking at the beautiful scenery.

It was green, green everywhere. Rajvir had never seen so much greenery before. Then the soft green paddy fields gave way to tea bushes.

It was a magnificent view. Against the backdrop of densely wooded hills a sea of tea bushes stretched as far as the eye could see. Dwarfing the tiny tea plants were tall sturdy shade-trees and amidst the orderly rows of bushes busily moved doll-like figures.

In the distance was an ugly building with smoke billowing out of tall chimneys.

“Hey, a tea garden!” Rajvir cried excitedly.

Pranjol, who had been born and brought up on a plantation, didn’t share Rajvir’s excitement.

“Oh, this is tea country now,” he said. “Assam has the largest concentration of plantations in the world. You will see enough gardens to last you a lifetime!”

“I have been reading as much as I could about tea,” Rajvir said. “No one really knows who discovered tea but there are many legends.”

 “What legends?”

 “Well, there’s the one about the Chinese emperor who always boiled water before drinking it. One day a few leaves of the twigs burning under the pot fell into the water giving it a delicious flavour. It is said they were tea leaves.”

“Tell me another!” scoffed Pranjol.

“We have an Indian legend too. Bodhidharma, an ancient Buddhist ascetic, cut off his eyelids because he felt sleepy during meditations. Ten tea plants grew out of the eyelids. The leaves of these plants when put in hot water and drunk banished sleep.

“Tea was first drunk in China,” Rajvir added, “as far back as 2700 B.C.! In fact words such as tea, ‘chai’ and ‘chini’ are from Chinese. Tea came to Europe only in the sixteenth century and was drunk more as medicine than as beverage.”

The train clattered into Mariani junction. The boys collected their luggage and pushed their way to the crowded platform.

Pranjol’s parents were waiting for them. Soon they were driving towards Dhekiabari, the tea-garden managed by Pranjol’s father.

An hour later the car veered sharply off the main road. They crossed a cattle-bridge and entered Dhekiabari Tea Estate.

On both sides of the gravel-road were acre upon acre of tea bushes, all neatly pruned to the same height. Groups of tea-pluckers, with bamboo baskets on their backs, wearing plastic aprons, were plucking the newly sprouted leaves.

Pranjol’s father slowed down to allow a tractor, pulling a trailer-load of tea leaves, to pass.

“This is the second-flush or sprouting period, isn’t it, Mr Barua?” Rajvir asked. “It lasts from May to July and yields the best tea.”

 “You seem to have done your homework before coming,” Pranjol’s father said in surprise.

“Yes, Mr Barua,” Rajvir admitted. “But I hope to learn much more while I’m here.”

Here is the vocabulary with English meanings and Telugu translations in a table format for the "Tea from Assam" passage:

 

I. I. Look at these words: upkeep, downpour, undergo, dropout, walk-in. They

are built up from a verb (keep, pour, go, drop, walk) and an adverb or a

particle (up, down, under, out, in).

Use these words appropriately in the sentences below. You may

consult a dictionary.

 

Here are the appropriate words filled in the sentences:

(i) A heavy downpour has been forecast due to low pressure in the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) Rakesh will undergo major surgery tomorrow morning.

(iii) My brother is responsible for the upkeep of our family property.

(iv) The dropout rate for this accountancy course is very high.

(v) She went to the Enterprise Company to attend a walk-in interview.

Here are the answers with the correct combinations:

(i) The Army attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the Government.

(ii) Scientists are on the brink of a major breakthrough in cancer research.

(iii) The State Government plans to build a bypass for Bhubaneswar to speed up traffic on the main highway.

(iv) Gautama’s outlook on life changed when he realised that the world is full of sorrow.

(v) Rakesh seemed unusually downcast after the game.

 

2. Now fill in the blanks in the sentences given below by combining the

verb given in brackets with one of the words from the box as appropriate.

Here are the answers with the correct combinations:

(i) The Army attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the Government.

(ii) Scientists are on the brink of a major breakthrough in cancer research.

(iii) The State Government plans to build a bypass for Bhubaneswar to speed up traffic on the main highway.

(iv) Gautama’s outlook on life changed when he realised that the world is full of sorrow.

(v) Rakesh seemed unusually downcast after the game.

 

I. Think of suitable -ing or -ed adjectives to answer the following

questions. You may also use words from those given above.

 

 

Here are suitable -ing or -ed adjectives for the questions:

(i) a good detective serial on television? interesting / exciting
(ii) a debate on your favourite topic ‘Homework Should Be Banned’? exciting / absorbing
(iii) how you feel when you stay indoors due to incessant rain? bored
(iv) how you feel when you open a present? excited
(v) how you feel when you watch your favourite programme on television? absorbed / interested
(vi) the look on your mother’s face as you waited in a queue? bored / annoyed
(vii) how you feel when tracking a tiger in a tiger reserve forest? thrilled / excited
(viii) the story you have recently read, or a film you have seen? interesting / entertaining / boring (if not liked)

 

2. Now use the adjectives in the exercise above, as appropriate, to write

a paragraph about Coorg.

Sample Paragraph about Coorg:

Visiting Coorg was an exciting experience. The journey was absorbing as we watched the rainforests and coffee plantations pass by. The trek through the hills was truly thrilling, and I felt excited to see wild animals. Sometimes, waiting in a queue for entry felt a little boring, but overall, the trip was interesting and entertaining.

 

Here is a paragraph about Coorg using -ing and -ed adjectives appropriately:

Coorg is an exciting and interesting place to visit, famous for its lush green hills, coffee plantations, and serene waterfalls. The natural beauty of the place is truly breathtaking. While trekking through the dense forests, I felt very thrilled by the chance to see wild elephants and other animals. However, sometimes waiting in long queues to enter popular spots can be boring and tedious. The warm hospitality of the locals made me feel very welcomed and relaxed during my stay. Overall, the entire experience was unforgettable and I am very excited to visit Coorg again.

 

 

English Word/Phrase	Meaning in English	Telugu Meaning
Tea garden	Plantation where tea is grown and harvested	చాయ్ తోట
Vendor	Person who sells goods	అమ్మేవాడు
Steaming	Very hot, giving off steam	ఆవిరితో నిండిన, వేడిగా ఉండే
Compartment	Separate section in a train or vehicle	కొంత భాగం
Legend	Traditional story	పురాణ కథ
Plantation	Large farm for growing crops	తోట
Sprouting	Beginning to grow	మొలిచే
Tea-plucker	Person who picks tea leaves	చాయ్ ఆకు కోయే వ్యక్తి
Pruned	Trimmed to promote growth	కత్తిరించిన
Flush (second flush)	New growth of shoots or leaves	కొత్త మొలకలు
Trailer-load	Load carried by a trailer pulled by a tractor	ట్రాక్టర్ వెనుక తేలికపాటి బరువు
Detective	Investigator of mysteries	అన్వేషకుడు
Scenery	Natural landscape view	ప్రకృతి దృశ్యం
Magnificent	Very beautiful or impressive	అద్భుతమైన

 

Here is a table of important opposite words (antonyms) with Telugu meanings, along with a list of common irregular verbs and their Telugu meanings, all drawn from the three lessons:

English Word (Opposite)	Opposite Word	Telugu Meaning	Telugu Meaning of Opposite
Hot	Cold	వేడి (Vēḍi)	చల్లటి (Challaṭi)
Big	Small	పెద్ద (Peddha)	చిన్న (Chinna)
Happy	Sad	సంతోషం (Santōṣaṁ)	బాధ (Bādha)
Full	Empty	నిండ/full (Ninda)	ఖాళీ (Khāli)
Fast	Slow	వేగంగా (Vēgaṅgā)	మెల్లిగా (Melligā)
Near	Far	సమీపం (Samīpaṁ)	దూరం (Dūraṁ)
Precise	Vague	ఖచ్చితమైన (Khaccitamaina)	అపారమైన (Apārāmāina)
True	False	నిజమైన (Nijamaina)	తప్పు (Tappu)
Rich	Poor	సంపన్నుడు (Sampannudu)	పేద (Pēda)
Light	Heavy	లేత (Lēta)	భారమైన (Bhāramaina)

 

Irregular Verb	Past Simple	Past Participle	Telugu Meaning
Be	Was/Were	Been	ఉండి (Uṇḍi)
Become	Became	Become	అవ్వడం (Avvaḍaṁ)
Begin	Began	Begun	ప్రారంభించు (Prārambhin̄cu)
Break	Broke	Broken	విరగడు (Viragaḍu)
Bring	Brought	Brought	తీసుకొను (Tīsukonu)
Buy	Bought	Bought	కొను (Konū)
Come	Came	Come	రా (Rā)
Do	Did	Done	చేయు (Cēyu)
Drink	Drank	Drunk	త్రాగు (Trāgu)
Eat	Ate	Eaten	తిను (Tinu)
Fall	Fell	Fallen	పడు (Paḍu)
Find	Found	Found	కనుగు (Kanugu)
Get	Got	Got	పొందు (Ponḍu)
Give	Gave	Given	ఇచ్చు (Iccu)
Go	Went	Gone	పో (Pō)
Have	Had	Had	కలగు (Kalagu)
Know	Knew	Known	తెలుసుకో (Telusuko)
Leave	Left	Left	వదిలించు (Vadilin̄cu)
See	Saw	Seen	చూడుము (Cūḍumu)
Take	Took	Taken	తీసుకో (Tīsuko)

Here is a table of important opposite words (antonyms) from the three lessons with their Telugu meanings:

English Word	Opposite Word	Telugu Meaning	Telugu Meaning of Opposite
Hot	Cold	వేడి	చల్లటి
Big	Small	పెద్ద	చిన్న
Happy	Sad	సంతోషం	బాధ
Full	Empty	నిండిన	ఖాళీ
Fast	Slow	వేగంతో	మెల్లగా
Near	Far	సమీపంలో	దూరంలో
True	False	నిజమైన	తప్పు
Rich	Poor	సంపన్నుడు	పేద
Light	Heavy	తేలిక	బరువు
Clean	Dirty	శుభ్రం	మురికి

 

Irregular Verbs	Past Simple	Past Participle	Telugu Meaning
Be	Was/Were	Been	ఉండుట
Become	Became	Become	అవ్వుట
Begin	Began	Begun	ప్రారంభించుట
Break	Broke	Broken	తగులుట
Bring	Brought	Brought	తేవుట
Buy	Bought	Bought	కొనుట
Come	Came	Come	రావుట
Do	Did	Done	చేయుట
Drink	Drank	Drunk	త్రాగుట
Eat	Ate	Eaten	తింటే
Fall	Fell	Fallen	పడుట
Find	Found	Found	కనుగొనుట
Get	Got	Got	పొందుట
Give	Gave	Given	ఇవ్వుట
Go	Went	Gone	పోవుట
Have	Had	Had	కలగటం
Know	Knew	Known	తెలుసుకోవడం
Leave	Left	Left	వదిలేసుట
See	Saw	Seen	చూడుట
Take	Took	Taken	తీసుకొనుట

1. (i) Three things that cannot happen in a treeless forest are: the sun cannot bury its feet in shadow; the wind cannot smell sweet; the rain cannot fall softly[poem].
   (ii) The phrase “...sun bury its feet in shadow...” creates a picture of sunlight being blocked and softened by the tree’s shade. The poet’s ‘feet’ of the sun symbolize the lower part of sunlight or the rays touching the ground gently[poem].
2. (i) In the poem, the trees are in the garden and the house. Their roots reach underground, their leaves dance in the breeze, and their twigs flicker and move[poem].
   (ii) The poet compares their branches to the “long arms” that embrace and protect the house[poem].
3. (i) (a) At the beginning of the third stanza, the moon is described as “flamed and flickered” like the trees, showing it moves and changes with them.
   (b) At the end, the moon is “silent and still,” reflecting loss or change. This change is caused by the trees moving away from the house[poem].
   (ii) When the trees move out, the house is left open and exposed, vulnerable and lonely without the trees’ protection[poem].
   (iii) The poet may not mention the forest’s departure in her letters because such losses are painful and embarrassing; often, people stay silent about sudden, important changes[poem].
4. (i) The poem suggests a conflict between man and nature, as trees are cut down and trapped inside homes as decoration, while forests vanish. This is similar to “A Tiger in the Zoo” where animals are caged, both showing nature imprisoned and longing for freedom[poem].
   (ii) If trees are symbols of human beings, the poem may suggest a struggle for freedom and identity, with people restrained yet yearning to break free and reclaim their natural state[poem].
5. “The Trees” contrasts with “On Killing a Tree” by Gieve Patel in tone and focus. “The Trees” is lyrical and symbolic, focusing on loss and displacement; “On Killing a Tree” is direct and stark, describing physical destruction. Both highlight human impact on nature, but from different perspectives[poem].